The basement in a private house, built by yourself, is often a necessary room. But with the construction of such a construction, one can encounter many problems. It is important to take into account all the nuances so that in the future there are no serious troubles and surprises.
First of all, you need to decide on the purpose of the room. The underground floor can be of several types:
- Basement - a floor that is half or less buried in the ground. The basement is the best option for the installation of residential premises. It is possible to make full windows in the walls.
- Basement Heated - a floor buried in soil more than half. At the same time, the premises are heated. The construction of a warm basement (as well as a basement) is accompanied by many requirements that must be taken into account at the design stage of a house.
- Basement - the floor is more than half buried in the ground, without heating. This option is the simplest. DIY construction technology is characterized by a reduced amount of additional work. Such a basement can be used as a storage room; here you can place various utility rooms (switchboard, water meter unit, thermal unit, etc.).
Requirements
To make a foundation with a basement with your own hands, it is necessary to fulfill several requirements. The main ones are presented with waterproofing and thermal protection. Before starting construction, it is necessary to study the geological conditions on the site. If the groundwater is located too high, the construction of the basement will cost a round sum.
It is important that the groundwater horizon is at least 50 cm from the base of the foundation. If this requirement is not fulfilled, it is necessary to equip water reduction systems or reliable waterproofing. Both of these options require impressive cash investments.
With a high level of groundwater, it is recommended to completely refuse to provide a basement under a residential building. This is because the increase in area will not be able to compensate for all expenses for the basement with a basement. In this case, it will be wise to apply such types of foundations as a shallow plate or piles.
Waterproofing
Even with a low moisture location, a reliable moisture protection system will be required. When doing the work yourself, the following types should be provided (all apply simultaneously):
- vertical waterproofing of the basement walls (plastering or from rolled materials);
- horizontal waterproofing along the edge of the foundation;
- drainage;
- a blind area around the perimeter of the building, which will protect the structure from the effects of melt and rain moisture.
Drainage is arranged around the perimeter of the building. It is assembled from pipes with a diameter of 100-200 mm. Properly do-it-yourself drainage can be subject to several requirements:
- pipes must be laid at a distance of 300 mm from the bottom of the foundation vertically;
- horizontal distance should be from 300 to 1000 mm;
- around the drainage it is necessary to equip the filter layer from crushed stone;
- to prevent the spread of crushed stone, it will be correctly wrapped with geotextile;
- the slope of the drainage pipes must be made at least 0.003 (this means that for each meter of length there should be a vertical change of 3 mm).
Drainage is discharged into a sewer or an open area. It is important that after discharge, the water does not return again to the perimeter of the building.
The construction of the basement implies the presence of a blind area around the perimeter of the building. Usually it is taken 1-1.5 m wide. Such dimensions will not only effectively remove rain moisture at a safe distance, but also provide a convenient passage around the house.
The blind area can be made of asphalt, concrete, paving slabs, gravel. Also now designs that are located below the surface of the earth are popular, with a lawn planted on top (the so-called “soft blind area”). The minimum deviation of the blind area away from the building is assigned depending on the material used. On average, the value takes the value 0.02-0.04 (20-40 mm in height for each meter in length). Read a detailed article about the device blind area with your own hands.
To protect the existing basement from groundwater, internal waterproofing and drainage can also be used. The need for it arises with a high moisture content. Such events are expensive, so they are not widespread.
Also, internal waterproofing can be done with taping, coating, penetrating or injection materials. The cost in this case will be lower. Read about it in a detailed article on waterproofing the foundations of an already built house.
Warming
Special requirements are made for insulation. They are different in the construction of a heated and unheated volume. The technology of building a floor without heating provides for the presence of a layer of insulation in the cake of the floor of the first floor. It is usually stacked over the ceiling. As a material, it is not recommended to use mineral wool or polystyrene because of the low strength indicators. The best option for laying in the composition of the floor will be extruded polystyrene foam (for example, Penoplex). Read more about floor insulation by Penoplex.
Do-it-yourself arrangement of a floor with heating involves the presence of insulation in the construction of the basement floor and on the walls. The ground floor can be insulated with extruded polystyrene foam or expanded clay gravel. The thickness of the insulation is taken depending on climatic conditions. The following recommendations can be made for the general case:
- the thickness of the foam 100-150 mm;
- the thickness of the expanded clay bedding is 300-500 mm.
Penoplex is laid on a layer of sand, a vapor barrier material is provided on top of it. This technology provides a minimum floor screed thickness of 30 mm. Basement floor concreting is carried out on top of heat-insulating material. You can also use the floor cake option, in which a concrete preparation is arranged under the thermal insulation layer. When using extruded polystyrene foam, you can do without a waterproofing layer.
The walls of the basement with the construction of a new building with their own hands are insulated from the outside. During repairs, it is possible to make insulation from the inside, but this option will not be correct from the point of view of heat engineering: the interior is protected, but the foundation is exposed to the destructive effects of cold. Extruded polystyrene foam is again used as a heat insulator. When placed outside, it will also play the role of additional waterproofing.
The thickness of the insulation is correctly selected by calculation. If it is not possible to consult a specialist, you can assign a value of approximately. In most regions, it will be sufficient to use Penoplex 100 mm thick. Material fixing is carried out on special glue and dish-shaped expansion bolt shields. Sheets must be staggered to ensure the ligation of vertical joints.
How to build a basement
The do-it-yourself basement device involves a strip foundation. It can be monolithic or from FBS blocks. When building a private house, it is wise to choose the first option. Monolithic technology has the following advantages:
- lack of need for heavy equipment;
- low need for labor resources;
- reduction in material transportation costs.
Concrete for work can be made independently, or can be ordered at the factory. The strip foundation is recommended to be poured from prefabricated concrete. This is due to the fact that at the factory it is easier to make a mixture that fully meets all the requirements. The ratio of cement, sand and gravel in the composition is especially important.
The brand of concrete mix is determined depending on the number of storeys of the building and the material of the walls. In most cases, classes B15 - B20 (or brands M200 - M250) will be sufficient for a tape.
To make a monolithic strip foundation with your own hands, you will need to mark the territory and install the formwork. Laying the solution is performed in one go (preferably). Faster work can be done using a concrete pump. Typically, such services are offered by manufacturers of concrete mixtures.
The work procedure in the general case is as follows:
- Clearing the territory, removing garbage, marking the location of the building;
- excerpt from the pit;
- soil compaction of the base;
- a sand cushion device with a thickness of 300-500 mm under the foundation;
- installation of formwork from wooden panels (the option of fixed formwork made of expanded polystyrene is possible);
- reinforcing work (the strip foundation is reinforced with frames, the minimum diameter of the working longitudinal rods is 12 mm, for vertical and
- horizontal diameter is assigned a minimum of 8 mm);
- pouring concrete;
- then it is necessary to give the foundation time to set strength, the exact interval depends on climatic conditions, on average 1-2 weeks is enough (full strength is reached after 4 weeks);
- the next step will be to make insulation and waterproofing;
- backfilling of the sinuses along the perimeter of the walls with sand of medium or large fractions.
The strip foundation for a house with a basement is taken deeply laid. The scope of work in this case is quite large, but all of them must be performed to reliably protect the interior of the building.